Why Sudan Split in Two - Sudan’s 22-Year Civil War Explained

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Kings and Generals animated historical documentary series on Modern Affairs continues with a video on the Second Civil War in Sudan in 1983-2005. Sudan’s first civil war ended in 1972, but the peace never solved the country’s deepest divisions. Southern autonomy remained limited, oil became a new source of conflict, and President Nimeiry’s decision to impose Sharia law helped push Sudan back into war in 1983. This video explains how the Second Sudanese Civil War began, why John Garang’s SPLA became such a powerful guerrilla force, and how Khartoum’s army relied on militias, oil revenue, and scorched-earth tactics to keep control. We follow the war from the Bor mutiny and the rise of the SPLA, through the devastating 1991 split between Garang and Riek Machar, to the late-1990s rebel comeback, Operation Thunderbolt, the battle for oilfields, Darfur’s catastrophe, and the final negotiations that produced the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. This was not just a North-versus-South conflict. It was a chaotic war of shifting alliances, foreign intervention, ethnic violence, oil politics, and failed attempts at decisive victory. After decades of bloodshed, Sudan accepted autonomy for the South—setting the stage for the 2011 independence referendum, the birth of South Sudan, and new conflicts that would continue long after the peace treaty was signed, reshaping Sudan, South Sudan, and the wider region for generations.

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Script: Turgut Gambar
Video: Max Kuzmitchev
Narration: Liam Taylor

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Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound: http://www.epidemicsound.com

Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Vnix_y_TzjFF5ti6FFLI0GNSvVodVqiHNN1lWzuA7hE/edit?usp=sharing

00:00:00 - Why Sudan Fell Back Into War
00:01:22 - Autonomy, Oil and Sharia
00:03:06 - The SPLA Rebellion Begins
00:05:16 - The SPLA Splits Apart
00:08:44 - Garang’s Counteroffensive
00:10:47 - Oil, Militias and Diplomacy
00:13:53 - Why Neither Side Could Win
00:17:41 - Peace, Partition and Independence

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