Come With Me Inside Titanic's Engine
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I present to you a historically accurate, working model of the engine of the RMS titanic. Back in the day the RMS stood for Royal Mail Steamer aka steamship
In a steam engine you boil water in the boiler, water turns into steam and travels through a tube or pipe. The steam is contained in the tube until enough water has boiled away and the pressure of the contained steam has risen sufficiently. Once pressure has built up you start the engine. But the engine of the Titanic was much more than this. It was very likely the greatest steam engine ever built. Back in 1911 when it was built it was the absolute peak of engineering and technology. It was over 9 meters tall and 19 meters long and weighed 915 tonnes. It produced 15.000 horsepower. To feed its 29 boilers the Titanic required 600 tonnes of coal per day which was shoveled in by hand by 176 firemen meaning that each fireman would have to manually shovel in 3.4 tonnes of coal per day to keep the boilers running.
Titanic’s engine was also mechanically much more advanced than the basic steam engine we just described. The first major difference is that Titanic’s engine was double-acting. A double acting steam engine uses a valve to send steam pressure to both below and above a working piston. As you may know in an internal combustion two stroke engine, every second stroke is a power stroke whereas in a four stroke only every fourth stroke is a power stroke. But in a double acting steam engine every stroke is a power stroke.
Titanic's Engine Was a Triple Expansion Engine. Steam at 210 psi enters the high pressure cylinder and drivers the piston up or down. After doing this work the steam's pressure drops down to 78 psi and it goes into the intermediate pressure cylinder. After moving the intermediate pressure piston it is sent to the two outer low pressure pistons at 24 psi and finally exhausted from the engine at only 9 psi absolute pressure.
An interesting observation is how the piston diameter increases going from high to low pressure. This is because Force = Pressure × Area. To prevent the engine from shaking itself to pieces, each piston needed to deliver a similar amount of force. So as pressure decreases, we increase the surface area of each piston in order to keep the output force the same.
If you have a keen eye you have probably also noticed titanic’s engine interesting valve gear. This is called a Stephenson valve gear and it was a very common valve gear on steam engines at the time and it consists of two rods mounted on two eccentrical discs on the crankshaft. The rods are connected to a slotted link which is then connected to the valves.
The stephenson valve gear was the V-TEC of its day because it allowed something called notching. Notching is basically changing the position of the die block within the slotted link. Changing this position changes the valve timing which changes when and thus how much steam entered into the cylinder which meant that you could reduce fuel consumption by using less steam once you get up to cruising speed and the engine has momentum.
The other benefit of a stephenson valve gear was that it allowed a simple, robust and effective implementation of an engine reversing mechanism. the crankshaft. As you can see it features no counter-weights of any kind, very different from the crankshaft of a modern inline four gasoline or diesel engine.
Despite being an inline four we don’t have the 180-degree spacing between the inner and outer cylinders. Titanic’s crankshaft uses something known as the Yarrow Schlick and Tweedy system which foregoes engine balancing using any kind of weights or other external rotating elements and instead relies on very specific timing between individual power pulses to reduce vibrations. Basically it uses the forces created by one cylinder to cancel most of the forces created by another.
A special thank you to my patrons:
Daniel
Peter Della Flora
valqk
Dave Westwood
Zwoa Meda Beda
Cole Philips
Allan Mackay
Sam Lutfi
Alex
00:00 How a Steam Engine Works
01:57 Double Acting
03:12 Triple Expansion
04:57 Engine CAD and 3d printing
06:45 Bambulab H3C
08:51 The V-TEC of Its Time
10:56 Crosshead Anatomy
11:32 Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy
13:52 Greasers
14:42 2 reciprocating Engines + 1 Steam Turbine
17:01 Aliens Didn't Build The Titanic
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