Dollar Dunyoni Qanday Bo‘ysundirdi? Aldov Tarixi | @prostoecon x @Xurmomedia

XV asr oxirida Kolumb G‘arb tomonga yo‘l olarkan, tasodifan Amerikani kashf qilib, butun dunyo tarixini o‘zgartirdi. Keyingi asrlarda Yevropa davlatlari qit’ani mustamlaka qila boshladi, mahalliy xalqlar esa o‘z yurtlaridan siqib chiqarildi va qullikka tushirildi. Ana shu jarayonlar davomida Amerikaga millionlab muhojirlar ko‘chib kelib, yangi hayot qura boshladi. XVIII asrga kelib, 13 britan koloniyasi birlashib, mustaqilligini e’lon qildi va AQSH paydo bo‘ldi. Tez o‘sib borayotgan iqtisodiyotning asosida arzon mehnat kuchi, muhojirlar oqimi va ichki kengayish yotardi. Dollarning tarixi esa ispan kumush pesosi bilan boshlanadi — u Amerika bo‘ylab eng ko‘p ishlatilgan pul bo‘lib, keyinchalik yangi davlatning rasmiy valyutasiga aylandi. Vaqt o‘tishi bilan dollar qog‘oz shaklida tarqaldi, banklar o‘z pullarini bosib chiqara boshladi, tizim esa izdan chiqdi. Shuning uchun 1913 yilda Federal Rezerv Tizimi — AQSH markaziy banki tashkil etildi. Birinchi va Ikkinchi jahon urushlari davomida AQSH kreditlar, qurol-yarog‘ savdosi va oltin zaxiralarini yig‘ib, dunyodagi iqtisodiy yetakchiga aylandi. 1944 yilda Bretton-Vuds kelishuvi orqali dunyo savdosining markazi sifatida dollar tan olindi. Biroq oltin tez qimmatlab borar, davlatlar dollarning o‘ziga almashtirilishini talab qilar edi, shuning uchun 1971 yilda Nikson dollarning oltin bilan bog‘liqligini bekor qildi. Shundan beri dollar hech qanday metalga bog‘lanmagan, ammo baribir dunyoning asosiy valyutasi bo‘lib qolmoqda. Bugun xalqaro savdoning yarmi dollarda amalga oshiriladi, davlatlar o‘z zaxiralarini ham asosan dollarda saqlaydi, chunki alternativlar deyarli yo‘q. Dollar kuchi oltinda emas, balki dunyoning unga bo‘lgan ishonchida. Tarix davomida yaratilgan ushbu ishonch esa hali uzoq vaqt davomida dollarni global moliyaning markazida ushlab turishi aniq.

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